Digitalics and Architecture

Digitalics & Architecture

References:

Below you find a list of readings. This list is not exclusive or complete. It serves as initial starting point for your theoretical reading. Please email me updates and suggestions.

Please also refer to: ArchiText Bookshop at: http://www.architext.com.au/Cat/graph.htm#Digital%20Architecture

Books:

Animation by Regine Dahmen -Ingenhoven
In amusement parks and theme parks, architecture has long been used to help generate an emotional experience, its existence justified beyond the mere functionality of its external structures. This book investigates this global trend. Using visual images, structured arguments and analytical texts, it explains how animation architecture functions. Birk Germany2004

Animate Form, by Lynn, Greg. (1998). Princeton: Princeton Architectural Press.

“Animate Form" is a book and interactive CD-ROM of recent architectural projects designed by Form, the office of Greg Lynn. The projects documented here explore the potential of time-based animation techniques to inform architectural design. Historically, architecture has been considered static, fixed, and inert. Through the use of state-of-the-art animation and special-effects software, Lynn transforms space and form into highly plastic, flexible, and mutable entities. He uses topological geometries to bend, twist, deform, and differentiate structure, creating unprecedented departures from preconceived notions of architecture. In experimenting with these new methods and media, Lynn has charted an innovative direction in design.

Archilab's Future House by Radical Experiments in Living Space, Brayer & Simonot
Digital technology and the Internet may have changed our lifestyles over the last decade, but so far they have had very little impact onour dwelling. Looking at the most innovative talents from around the world, FutureHouse presents ninety private and community housing projects that challenge the accepted norms of our living spaces and offer a dazzling array of ingenious solutions to meet the widely changing needs and desires of our global society. Against the background of globalization and urbanization, these designers confront such issues as individualizing collective housing and some have also included theoretical essays on a new design agenda. Thames & Hudson, UK, 2002

ArchiLab Radical Experiments in Global Architecture, Brayer & Migayrou
"In this unprecedented laboratory of design talent, the future of architecture is redefined by 60 of the most forward looking architects from around the globe. Engaging the complex issues that digitization and globalization have raised, they are creating solutions that are surprising, challenging and provide new clues to how we might live and work in the information age." The essays and projects included come from leading critics and practises such as MVRDV, Bart Lootsma, Kovac Malone, Kolatan/MacDonald, Lacaton & Vassal, Objectile, NOX, Asymptote, FOA and Shigeru Ban . Thames and Hudson, UK, 2001,

Architect's Eye Vilsualisation and depiction of space in architecture. Porter, T.; E & FN Spon, UK, 1997. 160 pp

Architecture in the Digital Age by Hugh Leach & Branko Kolarevic This major reference describes and analyses the recent developments in the architectural application of the latest digital design and fabrication technologies.

Architecture, Technology and Process, by Chris Abel (2004), Architectural Press. Drawing upon a wide range of knowledge and disciplines, the author argues that, underlying technological changes in the process of architectural production are fundamental changes in the way we think about machines and the world we live in. Key topics include: new patterns of urbanism in the fast growing cities of Asia pacific; metaphorical extensions of mind and body in cyberspace; the divergent European and North American values shaping Sir Norman Foster's and Frank Gehry's work, and the collaborative work methods and technologies creating the adaptable design practices of today.

Architectural Laboratories by Greg Lynn & Hani Rashid
The impact that digital technologies have on architectural form can no longer be denied. Greg Lynn and Hani Rashid, push the boundaries within the design practise to the maximum. Architectural Laboratories takes you into more than thirty projects in search of the interaction between research and design and presents an understanding of spatial configurations and building complexes that go far beyond conventional geometrical definitions. The Netherlands2002

Being Digital by Nicholas Negroponte

As the founder of MIT's Media Lab and a popular columnist for Wired, Nicholas Negroponte's text is mostly a history of media technology rather than a set of predictions for future technologies. In the beginning, he describes the evolution of CD-ROMs, multimedia, hypermedia, HDTV, and more. The section on interfaces is informative, offering an up-to-date history on visual interfaces, graphics, virtual reality, holograms, teleconferencing hardware, the mouse and touch-sensitive interfaces, and speech recognition.

In the last chapter and the epilogue, Negroponte offers visionary insight on what "being digital" means for our future. Overall, Being Digital provides an informative history of the rise of technology and some interesting predictions for its future.

Bio-Architecture by Senosiain, Javier
This title gives an informative overview of the drive towards organically informed design, both intrinsically and aesthetically, using a wide variety of international examples. Organic architecture offers a design approach arising from natural principles, bringing us back to local history, tradition and cultural roots to give us built forms which are in harmony with nature. It shows how architects can take advantage of the resources that contemporary technology has placed within our grasp. Elsevier UK 2003

Bits and Spaces: Architecture & Computing for Physical, Virtual, Hybrid Realms/33 Projects by Architecure and CAAD, ETH Zurich. Engeli, M Editor
"Architecture in 2010 will inevitably fall into 3 classes: physical, virtual and hybrid 'bits and bricks' architecture". This book looks at the technologies and methods that will help to create these new classes. With chapters and essays on Design in Space in Time, Learning and Creative Collaboration, Virtual Environments: Paths, People Data, IT and Praxis, and Blurring Boundaries, this book is a comprehensive investigation into the latest technological and software applications and associated theory in architectural design. Birkhauser, Swiss, 2001.

Blobmeister: Digital/Real: First Built Projects Schmal P.C Editor
This book features the first built works and projects of the "blobmeister's', architects and practices at the forefront of new digital media and software-based design. Whilst most of the work of these architects such as Greg Lynn, Asymptote, Marcos Novak, Oosterhuis and others has to date remained unbuilt, this book details the projects currently being, or about to be, constructed. This book is the result of an exhibition by the German Architecture Museum (DAM), and features the work of the above, as well as Hadid, Gehry, Kolatan/MacDonald, Peter Zellner, Erick van Egeraat, Jacob & McFarlane and more. Features 11 projects, and essays by Peter Zellner, Marcos Novak, Harald Kloft and more. Birkhauser, Swiss, 2001.

Catalytic Formations: Digital Design in Architecture by Ali Rahim. The text is the first of its kind to thoroughly explore the ideas and products of the digital revolution in architectural design. It fills an important gap in the field by clarifying for the first time the ideas and concepts that drive digital-based architecture, and reflecting on what distinguishes these forms from other architectural forms, other than the way they look.Catalytic Formations also explores the complex relationships between process, architectural forms and their experiential influences. The authors work at Contemporary Architecture Practice both illustrates the translation of these concepts into architectural design and sets up a network of relationships, both local and global, that extends throughout the book.

City of Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobahn by William Mitchell (1995).

http://mitpress2.mit.edu/e-books/City_of_Bits/ Cambridge: MIT Press.

Digital technology is turning traditional architectural theory and planning upside down, contends Mitchell, who teaches architecture and media arts at MIT. In this rigorous, highly engaging study, he charts both the architecture of cyberspace and the transformation of buildings and living space in the information age. Examining a wide range of digital phenomena, such as the Internet, encryption tools, the major online services and virtual reality, he explains that the architectural paradigms put forth by civic planners and critics, from Aristotle to Baron Haussmann and Lewis Mumford, do not apply to cyberspace. Mitchell argues that online communities, transcending geographic boundaries and social contexts, offer new ways of thinking about urban design, private and public space, the separation of work and home life and personal identity. In more speculative chapters, he walks us through the changes in civic institutions such as libraries, hospitals, museums, banks and bookstores, changes made possible by computer technology. Complete with architectural blueprints, illustrations of digital gadgetry and an index of related Internet "surf sites," this is a particularly clever and evocative look at the "soft cities" of the 21st century.

Contemporary Processes in Architecture AD No145 Rahim, Ali Ed
"This issue explores how contemporary processes, in the pursuit of creativity and fluidity, have become more abstract and experimental, attempting to overcome the pragmatic determinism attributed to more conventional working methods". Architects and practices examined are UNStudio, James Corner, Ed Keller, Kolaton/McDonald Studio, Lars Spruybroek, Oliver Lang, Greg Lynn, Enrique Norton, OCEAN NORTH, Reiser + Umemoto. Wiley-Academy, UK, 2000.

Cyberspace - the world of digital architecture
With an Introduction by Mark Burry, this book explores projects built in the digital realm. It is a largely visual statement of cyberspaces as legitimate architectural constructs, and advances it even further through the featured work and words of many of its pioneers. Images Publishing, Australia, 2001,

Digital Art of Christiane Paul

As far as I know, this is the only current book dedicated to a discussion and survey of digital art — rather than broader topics like “art and technology” or “information arts.” It’s essential reading, and not simply because it’s a source of information not coherently collected elsewhere. Paul (who curates new media art for the Whitney Museum and edits Intelligent Agent) also brings a deep understanding of the field to the book’s organization and selection of work. Thames and Hudson

Developing Digital Architecture: Far Eastern International Digital Design Award Liu Y. (Ed)
Presenting the 67 best projects from architects, students & designers from 26 different countries. Each project is fully documented in text with numerous colour illustrations. New features in the competition this year are the inclusion of animated projects which explore "future space in the digital era"; these projects pool together animators, architects, graphic designers, artists, product designers, film designers & a like, providing a thought provoking insight for all who make use of new media in their work. BirkhauserSwitzerland2003

Digital Culture Gere, Charlie Gere
Charlie Gere maps the set of cultural symptoms that gave rise to digital culture-among then the information needs of industrial capitalism in the 19th century, and of warfare in the 20th, as well as counter cultural experimentation and neo liberalism in the post war era - and the responses that they in turn produced: the arrival of cybernetics, artificial intelligence, the personal computer, Arpanet and the Internet, but also Feminism, Structuralism, Deconstruction, Punk and the culture that has grown up around Silicon Valley. Reaktion Books, UK, 2002.

Digital Hadid: Landscape in Motion, by Patrick Schumacher, Birkhauser, Switz, 2004

Even in her very early work, Zaha Hadid made innovative use of graphic techniques such as penetration, distortion, curvature, strongly reduced perspectives, to portray her architectural designs from a refreshing new angle. In this way her unmistakeable concepts of architectural space originated, and it is no surprise that the London architect makes full use of the full range of possibilities afforded by today's electronic design tools to create her inimitable forms. This present publication documents the most important of her recent projects, revealing how Zaha Hadid has risen to the digital challenge.

Digital Places: Building Our City of Bits by Thomas A. Horan

Digital Places presented an ideas of an idealistic world, where 'computers' can be integrated into human's life. The Author proposed many interesting ideas of how our society (cities) can be 'connected' with a ever-changing technology. He also comments on human evolution to be 'connect' with the 'digital' world. This will require great length of dedication and effort from both the government and the private sector. Overall, this book reflect very interesting points where our society can be 'wired' and enhance our life. In the last chapter, the author also present a very intersting and helpful '7 Actions' to lead us to the new height in the 'digital world'. Maybe?, this is the genesis of our 'Brave New World'.

Digital Tectonics by Neil Leach, David Turnbull, Chris Williams

The old opposition between a digital culture of sensuous, ephemeral images and a tectonic culture of pragmatic building has given way to a new collaboration between the two domains, a 'digital tectonics'. Computer linked fabrication techniques of many kinds have become an integral part of the design process, while new digital tools are allowing engineers and architects to understand in far more detail the behaviour of load carrying surfaces, and to generate new architectural forms.

Digital Ground: Architecture, Pervasive Computing, and Environmental Knowing by Malcolm McCullough

Digital Ground is an architect's response to the design challenge posed by pervasive computing. One century into the electronic age, people have become accustomed to interacting indirectly, mediated through networks. But now as digital technology becomes invisibly embedded in everyday things, even more activities become mediated, and networks extend rather than replace architecture. The young field of interaction design reflects not only how people deal with machine interfaces but also how people deal with each other in situations where interactivity has become ambient. It shifts previously utilitarian digital design concerns to a cultural level, adding notions of premise, appropriateness, and appreciation.

Malcolm McCullough offers an account of the intersections of architecture and interaction design, arguing that the ubiquitous technology does not obviate the human need for place. His concept of "digital ground" expresses an alternative to anytime-anyplace sameness in computing; he shows that context not only shapes usability but ideally becomes the subject matter of interaction design and that "environmental knowing" is a process that technology may serve and not erode.

Designing for a Digital World Leach, Neil (Ed)
For the always-trusty Academy series, Leach has brought together the most recent debates, discussions and projects on the theme of designing in this post digital, pre-nano era we have found ourselves in. How does digital technology affect architecture, how does architecture affect it. How can this technology of a virtual medium be applied to architecture for the better, as we would apply construction or materials technology. A selection of examples dealing and exemplifying these issues have been explores in depth by the editor with essays and imagery. Also including the work of other leading theorists and architect's, this book marks the turning point in architecture few of us can barely grasp. Wiley UK, 2002,

Earth Moves: The Furnishing of Territories by Cache Bernard, Cambridge: MIT Press (1995).

Earth Moves, Bernard Cache's first major work, conceptualizes a series of architectural images as vehicles for two important developments. First, he offers a new understanding of the architectural image itself. Following Gilles Deleuze and Henri Bergson, he develops an account of the image that is non-representational and constructive--images as constituents of a primary, image world, of which subjectivity itself is a special kind of image. Second, Cache redefines architecture beyond building proper to include cinematic, pictoral, and other framings.

Complementary to this classification, Cache offers what is to date the only Deleuzean architectural development of the "fold," a form and concept that has become important over the last few years. For Cache, as for Deleuze, what is significant about the fold is that it provides a way to rethink the relationship between interior and exterior, between past and present, and between architecture and the urban.

E-Crit : Digital Media, Critical Theory, and the Humanities by Marcel O'Gorman

E-Crit is a bold attempt to redefine scholarly communication in an era characterized by the arrival of digital media. The problem that the author addresses is this: New technologies of communication and representation (the Internet, computer graphics) seem to be implicated in fundamental shifts in popular media forms and in the delivery of scientific and even scholarly texts. Many critics in the humanities are exploring these issues in their work. However, the form of the work itself remains largely unchanged and unexplored. This is the paradox that O’Gorman seeks to confront, and his approach is both radical and practical. He attempts both explain and exemplify his E-Crit approach - to understand how digital writing can be different from linear writing for print, and to train his students in a new form of digital representation.

E-topia Mitchell, J. William
"E-topia" offers a brilliant and succinct lesson on how the evolution of information and other technologies has altered the way we build workplaces and communities, manage relationships and supply our material wants and needs. It unobtrusively lays digital technology into historical and material context, rendering it this way as something not to fear." (San Francisco Bay Guardian). MIT, USA, 1999, 1

Future Perfect by Davis, S. M. (1987). Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley.

In our aging postindustrial era, we're witnessing a technological explosion notes Davis, a Boston-based business consultant, and in this short but deeply provocative book he sets out "to give new meaning to time, space and matter in shaping tomorrow's business and organization." Readers will consistently nod in recognition as Davis ticks off what he sees happening today in business management as it has grown from the time of Henry Ford and GM's Alfred Sloan to what he considers the "hello from the future" that the Federal Express Corporationtoday's leading example of the holistic management approach as opposed to the mechanicalis shouting to business leaders. His insights into our already emerging "future perfect" economy of process, information and a host of intangibles made possible by the microchip is eye-opening.

Game Zone - Playgrounds between Virtual Scenarios and Reality Iacovoni,A
The architectural awareness and experience of space, and the creative use can profit greatly from certain aspects of "games" and the related technology. Here the author investigates a fascinating contribution of avant-garde art to the construction of space in the field of electronic games and arcades, beginning with New Babylon, moving through the radical suggestions of the 1960s and 1970s to the commercial and experimental examples of contemporary amusement arcades. Also considered are the virtual worlds of video games which are growing increasingly complex. Birkhauser Neth 2003

Hybrid Space New Forms in Digital Architecture. Zellner, P
This book was first published in 1999, but has recently been released in a paperback edition. It examines the work of architects employing digital techniques and technology to design new architectures. An excellent resource, it features the work of Morphosis, dECOI, Oosterhuisassociates, NOX, Reiser + Umemoto, Greg Lynn, Stephen Perrella, OCEAN, UNStudio and more. Includes substantial written and graphical information. Thames & Hudson, UK, 1999.

Hyper-Realistic Computer Generated Architectural Renderings. Ojeda, O. Guerra, L. + CD
Rockport, USA, 1996.

Hypersurface Architecture AD Profile No133 ed Toy, M. Academy, UK 1998

Hypersurface Architecture II AD Profile 141 Guest Ed. Perella, Stephen, Academy Editions, UK, 1999,

Impossible Worlds: The Architecture of Perfection, Coates, Stephen & Stetter, Alex
From the tower of Babel to the film set of The Matrix, visionary architectural projects have exerted a powerful hold over the imagination. Many of these apparently impossible ideas are eventually built, either in the form of grand architectural statements, or at the personal scale of houses, huts and even simple allotments. Using detailed studies of utopian plans as well as built realities, this book argues that imagining the impossible can have great practical benefits for architecture. Birkhauser, Switzerland, 2000,

The Language of New Media by Lev Manovich; http://www.manovich.net/

“In this book I analyze the language of new media by placing it within the history of modern visual and media cultures. What are the ways in which new media relies on older cultural forms and languages and what are the ways in which it breaks with them? What is unique about how new media objects create the illusion of reality, address the viewer, and represent space and time? How do conventions and techniques of old media—such as the rectangular frame, mobile viewpoint and montage—operate in new media?”

Me++ : The Cyborg Self and the Networked City by William J. Mitchell

With Me++ the author of City of Bits and e-topia completes an informal trilogy examining the ramifications of information technology in everyday life. William Mitchell describes the transformation of wireless technology in the hundred years since Marconi--the scaling up of networks and the scaling down of the apparatus for transmission and reception. It is, he says, as if "Brobdingnag had been rebooted as Lilliput"; Marconi's massive mechanism of tower and kerosene engine has been replaced by a palm-size cellphone. If the operators of Marconi's invention can be seen as human appendages to an immobile machine, today's hand-held devices can be seen as extensions of the human body. This transformation has, in turn, changed our relationship with our surroundings and with each other. The cellphone calls from the collapsing World Trade Center towers and the hijacked jets on September 11 were testimony to the intensity of this new state of continuous electronic engagement.

Thus, Mitchell proposes, the "trial separation" of bits (the elementary unit of information) and atoms (the elementary unit of matter) is over. With increasing frequency, events in physical space reflect events in cyberspace, and vice versa; digital information can, for example, direct the movement of an aircraft or a robot arm. In Me++ Mitchell examines the effects of wireless linkage, global interconnection, miniaturization, and portability on our bodies, our clothing, our architecture, our cities, and our uses of space and time. Computer viruses, cascading power outages, terrorist infiltration of transportation networks, and cellphone conversations in the streets are symptoms of a dramatic new urban condition--that of ubiquitous, inescapable network interconnectivity. He argues that a world governed less and less by boundaries and more and more by connections requires us to reimagine and reconstruct our environment and to reconsider the ethical foundations of design, engineering, and planning practice.

Media House Project - The house is the computer, the structure is the network. Institute of Architecture Catalonia; An alliance between the Metapolis group from Barcelona, MIT media Lab and the Fundacio Politecnica De Catalonia. With the collaboration of the consortium 12CAT and the Elisava design school, in order to build a prototype house. An integration of information technology into the house, literally looking to build computers from the components of buildings. IAAC Spain 2004

The Metapolis Dictionary of Advanced Architecture: city, technology & society in the information age
An enlarged version of the Spanish edition this book seeks to identify a new architecture as well as a new social & cultural panorama. It aims to contribute to forming a vision that is global - but not necessarily absolute - of what is already showing itself to be a new architectural action, related to that coined as "advanced culture", present in various art disciplines, thought & technology. It talks about an architecture inscribed in the information society & influenced by new technologies, new economy, care of the environment & interest in the individual. ACTAR Spain2003

Move Imagination, Techniques, Effects. van Berkel. B & Bos. C
Three books in a purple box = MOVE, which examines the architect's new role in an environment of technological, public and economic change. The redefinition of organisational structures is the common thread running through the three books. UN Studio, The Netherlands, 1999.

Organic Approach to Architecture (The) Gans, Deborah, Kuz, Zehra
With its promise of environmental symbiosis, the idea of the organic is re-emerging currently across many fields of science, technology and design. This publication captures this movement in architecture, and the attitudes and discourses surrounding it. Drawn from a symposium organised by the editors, the chapters and panel discussions address topical issues of genetic technologies, cyber and geometric morphing, environmentalism, landscape and infrastructure. Wiley, New York, 2003

Release 2.1 by Esther Dyson

Geared to the Net newbie, Dyson discusses the changes that the Internet has imposed on many areas of our lives, such as work, communities, and education. She is optimistic about the growth of the Internet and addresses skeptics' concerns about the future of online privacy and security issues, ownership of online content, governance of cyberspace, and more.

Rendering Real and Imagined Buildings The Art of Computer Modelling from the Palace of Kublai Khan to Le Corbusier's Villas Novitski. B, Mitchell. W Rockport, USA, 1998.

Signs: lettering in the environment Dixon C. & Baines P.
Containing over 700 colour images of the most varying selection of signs. L. King UK 2003

Trigger Happy by Steven Poole

This substantial examination of the world inside your console, combines an exhaustive history of the games industry with a more subtle look at what makes certain kinds of games more engaging than others. For example, what works in which genres--the RPG (role-playing game) versus the god game--and the relationship of video games to other forms of media.

A writer and composer, Poole makes the case that video games--like films and popular music--deserve serious critical treatment. "The inner life of video games--how they work--is bound up with the inner life of the player. And the player's response to a well-designed video game is in part the same sort of response he or she has to a film, or to a painting: it is an aesthetic one". Trigger Happy is packed with references not just to games and game history but to writers and theorists who may never have played a video game in their lives, from Adorno and Benjamin to Plato. At times this approach verges on the pedantic, dwelling at length on points that will seem obvious to serious gamers ("We don't want absolutely real situations in video games. We can get that at home"; "The fighting game, like fighting itself, will always be popular"). Nonetheless, Poole's book may be favoured bedside reading for both the keen gamer and the armchair philosopher looking to understand this cultural phenomenon.

The Virtual Dimension Architecture Representation and Crash Culture Cache.Beckmann. J (ed.)
PAP, USA, 1998.

The War of Desire and Technology at the Close of the Mechanical Age by Allucquère Rosanne

Rosanne Stone examines the myriad ways modern technology is challenging traditional notions of gender identity. Face-to-face meetings, and even telephone conversations, involuntarily reveal crucial aspects of identity such as gender, age, and race. However, these bits of identity are completely masked by computer-mediated communications; all that is revealed is what we choose to reveal -- and then only if we choose to tell the truth. The rise of computer-mediated communications is giving people the means to try on alternative personae -- in a sense, to reinvent themselves -- which, as Stone compellingly argues, has both positive and potentially destructive implications.

Not a traditional text but rather a series of intellectual provocations, the book moves between fascinating accounts of the modern interface of technology and desire: from busy cyberlabs to the electronic solitude of the Internet, from phone sex to "virtual cross-dressers," and from the trial of a man accused of having raped a woman by seducing one of her multiple personalities to the Vampire Lestat.

Warped Space: Art, Architecture and Anxiety in Modern Culture. Vidler, Anthony
Anthony Vidler is concerned in this book with two forms of warped space. The first, a psychological space, is the repository of neuroses and phobias; it is not empty but full of disturbing forms, including those of architecture and the city. The second kind of warping is produced when artists break the boundaries of genre to depict space in new ways. Vidler looks at the architectural experiments of Coop Himmelblau, Libeskind, Greg Lynn, Morphosis and Eric Owen Moss in the light of new digital techniques that, while relying on traditional perspective, have radically transformed the composition, production, and experience - perhaps even the subject itself - of architecture. MIT, USA, 2000. 301pp.

Other books and references include:

· Building Bilbao. In Architectural Review 102(1210): 43-45.

· Catalogues of Ars Electronica

· David Rokeby's texts: http://homepage.mac.com/davidrokeby/articles.html

· Digital Architectures. In Proceedings of the ACADIA 2000 Conference, eds. M. Clayton and G. Vasquez. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America.

· Frazer, John. (1995). Evolutionary Architecture. London: Architectural Association.

· Giovannini, J. (1997). Fred and Ginger Dance in Prague. In Architecture 86(2): 52-62.

· Giovannini, J. (2000b). Building a Better Blob. In Architecture 89(9): 126-128.

· Howe, A. Scott (2000) Designing for automated construction, Automation in Construction 9 (3) (2000) pp. 259-276 http://cumincad.scix.net/cgi-bin/works/Show?2711

· Kelly, K. Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems and the Economic World, 4^th Estate publ, 1995

· Ken Sanders, The Digital Architect: A Common-Sense Guide to Using Computer Technology in Design Practice, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.

· Kochan, D. (1993). Solid Freeform Manufacturing: Advanced Rapid Prototyping. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

· Kvan, T. and B. Kolarevic. (2001). Rapid Prototyping and Its Application in Architectural Design. In Automation in Construction, Amsterdam: Elsevier.

· Le Corbusier. (1931). Towards a new architecture, tr. F. Etchells, New York : Dover. LeCuyer, A., 1997

· Linn, C., 2000. Creating Sleek Metal Skins for Buildings; Architectural Record, October 2000: 173-178.

· Lindsay, B. Digital Gehry (IT revolution in architecture), Birkhauser, Switz, 2004

· Lynn, Greg. (1993). Architectural Curvilinearity: The Folded, the Pliant and the Supple. In AD

· Negroponte, Nicholas. (1970). Architecture Machine. Cambridge: MIT Press.

· Novitski, B.J. (2000). Scale Models from Thin Air. In Architecture Week, 2 August 2000. (Online at http://www.architectureweek.com/2000/0802/tools_1-1.html)

· Perrella, Stephen (ed.). (1998). AD Profile 133: Hypersurface Architecture. London: Academy Editions.

· Piegl, Les, and Wayne Tiller. (1997). The NURBS Book, 2nd ed. New York: Springer.

· Profile 102: Folding in Architecture. London: Academy Editions.

· Rotheroe, K. C. (2000). Manufacturing Freeform Architecture. In Architecture Week, 18 October 2000. (Online at http://www.architectureweek.com/2000/1011/tools_1-1.html)

· Russell, J. S. (2000). The Experience Music Project. In Architectural Record, August 2000: 126-137. Slessor, C. (1997). Atlantic Star. In Architectural Review 102(1210): 30-42.

· Saarinen, Aline (ed.). (1968). Eero Saarinen on His Work. New Haven: Yale University Press. Thompson

· Schmitt.G, ,Information Architecture Basis and Future of CAAD, Birkhauser, Switz., 1999.

· Slessor, C. (2000). Digitizing Dusseldorf. In Architecture 89(9): 118-125.

· Stephens, S. (1999). The Bilbao Effect. In Architectural Record, May 1999: 168-173.

· Sketches of Frank Gehry; www.apple.com/trailers/ sony/sketchesoffrankgehry/trailer/

· Building the Gherkin; http://www.buildingthegherkin.com/

september 2006 - arch5201 - dr marc aurel schnabel

Please also refer to: ArchiText Bookshop at: http://www.architext.com.au/Cat/graph.htm#Digital%20Architecture

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